Naming the same concept costs a different number of tokens in every
language, and the gap is not the same for every model. These are the
build's own tokenizer splits, aggregated: not an opinion about languages,
a measurement of three tokenizers.
| Language |
DeepSeek V3 |
Mistral 7B |
Qwen3 8B |
| English |
1.18 |
1.55 |
1.21 |
| Spanish |
2.61 |
3.07 |
2.68 |
| French |
2.52 |
2.94 |
2.60 |
| Japanese |
2.98 |
4.64 |
4.26 |
| Chinese |
2.19 |
4.16 |
3.86 |
Mean tokens per headword, over the
3,983 concepts that have a
headword in every language this build carries. For each concept, every
headword the language offers is counted, so nothing depends on which one
was picked — except in English, which contributes only the
pivot. That is the asymmetry to keep in mind reading the table: English
averages 1.0 headwords per concept, Spanish 2.0, French 2.2, Chinese 3.3
and Japanese 7.5, so every column but the first carries spelling variants
and archaisms that the English column does not.
Every concept also counts once regardless of how often the word is
used. The vocabulary is frequency-ranked and the rank is right there in
the database, but this mean does not read it, so aardvark weighs
exactly as much as able. That is not free: proper nouns are
expensive in Chinese and Japanese, and the shared set has plenty of them.
English is the cheapest here, by 1.8x to 3.5x depending on the
language and the model. And the model matters as much as the language:
for Chinese, DeepSeek reads the same concept in
1.9x fewer tokens than Mistral (2.19 against 4.16), because their
vocabularies are 129,280 and 32,768 entries.
How much of that first number is the languages and how much is the
averaging? Some of it is the averaging. Take the cheapest headword
per concept instead of the mean of all of them — which is what a
writer minimising cost would actually type — and the range narrows
to 1.4x–2.7x. English still wins, by less. The second number is the
solid one: the Chinese gap between DeepSeek and Mistral survives every
way we tried aggregating it, because both models are reading the
identical strings and only their vocabularies differ.
This is the cost of naming a concept, not of writing a sentence:
languages differ in how many words they need, and nothing here measures
that. The full sampling method is on the
methodology page.